Validation and Serialization

Fastify uses a schema-based approach, and even if it is not mandatory we recommend using JSON Schema to validate your routes and serialize your outputs. Internally, Fastify compiles the schema into a highly performant function.

Validation will only be attempted if the content type is application-json, as described in the documentation for the content type parser.

All the examples in this section are using the JSON Schema Draft 7 specification.

⚠ Security Notice
Treat the schema definition as application code. Validation and serialization features dynamically evaluate code with new Function(), which is not safe to use with user-provided schemas. See Ajv and fast-json-stringify for more details.
Regardless the $async Ajv feature is supported by Fastify, it should not be used as part of the first validation strategy. This option is used to access Databases and reading them during the validation process may lead to Denial of Service Attacks to your application. If you need to run async tasks, use Fastify's hooks instead after validation completes, such as preHandler.

Core concepts

The validation and the serialization tasks are processed by two different, and customizable, actors:

Ajv v8 for the validation of a request
fast-json-stringify for the serialization of a response's body

These two separate entities share only the JSON schemas added to Fastify's instance through .addSchema(schema).

Adding a shared schema

Thanks to the addSchema API, you can add multiple schemas to the Fastify instance and then reuse them in multiple parts of your application. As usual, this API is encapsulated.

The shared schemas can be reused through the JSON Schema $ref keyword. Here is an overview of how references work:

myField: { $ref: '#foo'} will search for field with $id: '#foo' inside the current schema
myField: { $ref: '#/definitions/foo'} will search for field definitions.foo inside the current schema
myField: { $ref: 'http://url.com/sh.json#'} will search for a shared schema added with $id: 'http://url.com/sh.json'
myField: { $ref: 'http://url.com/sh.json#/definitions/foo'} will search for a shared schema added with $id: 'http://url.com/sh.json' and will use the field definitions.foo
myField: { $ref: 'http://url.com/sh.json#foo'} will search for a shared schema added with $id: 'http://url.com/sh.json' and it will look inside of it for object with $id: '#foo'

Simple usage:

fastify.addSchema({
  $id: 'http://example.com/',
  type: 'object',
  properties: {
    hello: { type: 'string' }
  }
})

fastify.post('/', {
  handler () {},
  schema: {
    body: {
      type: 'array',
      items: { $ref: 'http://example.com#/properties/hello' }
    }
  }
})

$ref as root reference:

fastify.addSchema({
  $id: 'commonSchema',
  type: 'object',
  properties: {
    hello: { type: 'string' }
  }
})

fastify.post('/', {
  handler () {},
  schema: {
    body: { $ref: 'commonSchema#' },
    headers: { $ref: 'commonSchema#' }
  }
})

Retrieving the shared schemas

If the validator and the serializer are customized, the .addSchema method will not be useful since the actors are no longer controlled by Fastify. To access the schemas added to the Fastify instance, you can simply use .getSchemas():

fastify.addSchema({
  $id: 'schemaId',
  type: 'object',
  properties: {
    hello: { type: 'string' }
  }
})

const mySchemas = fastify.getSchemas()
const mySchema = fastify.getSchema('schemaId')

As usual, the function getSchemas is encapsulated and returns the shared schemas available in the selected scope:

fastify.addSchema({ $id: 'one', my: 'hello' })
// will return only `one` schema
fastify.get('/', (request, reply) => { reply.send(fastify.getSchemas()) })

fastify.register((instance, opts, done) => {
  instance.addSchema({ $id: 'two', my: 'ciao' })
  // will return `one` and `two` schemas
  instance.get('/sub', (request, reply) => { reply.send(instance.getSchemas()) })

  instance.register((subinstance, opts, done) => {
    subinstance.addSchema({ $id: 'three', my: 'hola' })
    // will return `one`, `two` and `three`
    subinstance.get('/deep', (request, reply) => { reply.send(subinstance.getSchemas()) })
    done()
  })
  done()
})

Validation

The route validation internally relies upon Ajv v8 which is a high-performance JSON Schema validator. Validating the input is very easy: just add the fields that you need inside the route schema, and you are done!

The supported validations are:

body: validates the body of the request if it is a POST, PUT, or PATCH method.
querystring or query: validates the query string.
params: validates the route params.
headers: validates the request headers.

All the validations can be a complete JSON Schema object (with a type property of 'object' and a 'properties' object containing parameters) or a simpler variation in which the type and properties attributes are forgone and the parameters are listed at the top level (see the example below).

ℹ If you need to use the latest version of Ajv (v8) you should read how to do it in the schemaController section.

Example:

const bodyJsonSchema = {
  type: 'object',
  required: ['requiredKey'],
  properties: {
    someKey: { type: 'string' },
    someOtherKey: { type: 'number' },
    requiredKey: {
      type: 'array',
      maxItems: 3,
      items: { type: 'integer' }
    },
    nullableKey: { type: ['number', 'null'] }, // or { type: 'number', nullable: true }
    multipleTypesKey: { type: ['boolean', 'number'] },
    multipleRestrictedTypesKey: {
      oneOf: [
        { type: 'string', maxLength: 5 },
        { type: 'number', minimum: 10 }
      ]
    },
    enumKey: {
      type: 'string',
      enum: ['John', 'Foo']
    },
    notTypeKey: {
      not: { type: 'array' }
    }
  }
}

const queryStringJsonSchema = {
  type: 'object',
  properties: {
    name: { type: 'string' },
    excitement: { type: 'integer' }
  }
}

const paramsJsonSchema = {
  type: 'object',
  properties: {
    par1: { type: 'string' },
    par2: { type: 'number' }
  }
}

const headersJsonSchema = {
  type: 'object',
  properties: {
    'x-foo': { type: 'string' }
  },
  required: ['x-foo']
}

const schema = {
  body: bodyJsonSchema,
  querystring: queryStringJsonSchema,
  params: paramsJsonSchema,
  headers: headersJsonSchema
}

fastify.post('/the/url', { schema }, handler)

Note that Ajv will try to coerce the values to the types specified in your schema type keywords, both to pass the validation and to use the correctly typed data afterwards.

The Ajv default configuration in Fastify supports coercing array parameters in querystring. Example:

const opts = {
  schema: {
    querystring: {
      type: 'object',
      properties: {
        ids: {
          type: 'array',
          default: []
        },
      },
    }
  }
}

fastify.get('/', opts, (request, reply) => {
  reply.send({ params: request.query }) // echo the querystring
})

fastify.listen({ port: 3000 }, (err) => {
  if (err) throw err
})

curl -X GET "http://localhost:3000/?ids=1

{"params":{"ids":["1"]}}

You can also specify a custom schema validator for each parameter type (body, querystring, params, headers).

For example, the following code disable type coercion only for the body parameters, changing the ajv default options:

const schemaCompilers = {
  body: new Ajv({
    removeAdditional: false,
    coerceTypes: false,
    allErrors: true
  }),
  params: new Ajv({
    removeAdditional: false,
    coerceTypes: true,
    allErrors: true
  }),
  querystring: new Ajv({
    removeAdditional: false,
    coerceTypes: true,
    allErrors: true
  }),
  headers: new Ajv({
    removeAdditional: false,
    coerceTypes: true,
    allErrors: true
  })
}

server.setValidatorCompiler(req => {
    if (!req.httpPart) {
      throw new Error('Missing httpPart')
    }
    const compiler = schemaCompilers[req.httpPart]
    if (!compiler) {
      throw new Error(`Missing compiler for ${req.httpPart}`)
    }
    return compiler.compile(req.schema)
})

For further information see here

Ajv Plugins

You can provide a list of plugins you want to use with the default ajv instance. Note that the plugin must be compatible with the Ajv version shipped within Fastify.

Refer to ajv options to check plugins format

const fastify = require('fastify')({
  ajv: {
    plugins: [
      require('ajv-merge-patch')
    ]
  }
})

fastify.post('/', {
  handler (req, reply) { reply.send({ ok: 1 }) },
  schema: {
    body: {
      $patch: {
        source: {
          type: 'object',
          properties: {
            q: {
              type: 'string'
            }
          }
        },
        with: [
          {
            op: 'add',
            path: '/properties/q',
            value: { type: 'number' }
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
})

fastify.post('/foo', {
  handler (req, reply) { reply.send({ ok: 1 }) },
  schema: {
    body: {
      $merge: {
        source: {
          type: 'object',
          properties: {
            q: {
              type: 'string'
            }
          }
        },
        with: {
          required: ['q']
        }
      }
    }
  }
})

Validator Compiler

The validatorCompiler is a function that returns a function that validates the body, URL parameters, headers, and query string. The default validatorCompiler returns a function that implements the ajv validation interface. Fastify uses it internally to speed the validation up.

Fastify's baseline ajv configuration is:

{
  coerceTypes: 'array', // change data type of data to match type keyword
  useDefaults: true, // replace missing properties and items with the values from corresponding default keyword
  removeAdditional: true, // remove additional properties if additionalProperties is set to false, see: https://ajv.js.org/guide/modifying-data.html#removing-additional-properties
  uriResolver: require('fast-uri'),
  addUsedSchema: false,
  // Explicitly set allErrors to `false`.
  // When set to `true`, a DoS attack is possible.
  allErrors: false
}

This baseline configuration can be modified by providing ajv.customOptions to your Fastify factory.

If you want to change or set additional config options, you will need to create your own instance and override the existing one like:

const fastify = require('fastify')()
const Ajv = require('ajv')
const ajv = new Ajv({
  removeAdditional: 'all',
  useDefaults: true,
  coerceTypes: 'array',
  // any other options
  // ...
})
fastify.setValidatorCompiler(({ schema, method, url, httpPart }) => {
  return ajv.compile(schema)
})

Note: If you use a custom instance of any validator (even Ajv), you have to add schemas to the validator instead of Fastify, since Fastify's default validator is no longer used, and Fastify's addSchema method has no idea what validator you are using.

Using other validation libraries

The setValidatorCompiler function makes it easy to substitute ajv with almost any JavaScript validation library (joi, yup, ...) or a custom one:

const Joi = require('joi')

fastify.post('/the/url', {
  schema: {
    body: Joi.object().keys({
      hello: Joi.string().required()
    }).required()
  },
  validatorCompiler: ({ schema, method, url, httpPart }) => {
    return data => schema.validate(data)
  }
}, handler)

const yup = require('yup')
// Validation options to match ajv's baseline options used in Fastify
const yupOptions = {
  strict: false,
  abortEarly: false, // return all errors
  stripUnknown: true, // remove additional properties
  recursive: true
}

fastify.post('/the/url', {
  schema: {
    body: yup.object({
      age: yup.number().integer().required(),
      sub: yup.object().shape({
        name: yup.string().required()
      }).required()
    })
  },
  validatorCompiler: ({ schema, method, url, httpPart }) => {
    return function (data) {
      // with option strict = false, yup `validateSync` function returns the
      // coerced value if validation was successful, or throws if validation failed
      try {
        const result = schema.validateSync(data, yupOptions)
        return { value: result }
      } catch (e) {
        return { error: e }
      }
    }
  }
}, handler)

.statusCode property

All validation errors will be added a .statusCode property set to 400. This guarantees that the default error handler will set the status code of the response to 400.

fastify.setErrorHandler(function (error, request, reply) {
  request.log.error(error, `This error has status code ${error.statusCode}`)
  reply.status(error.statusCode).send(error)
})

Validation messages with other validation libraries

Fastify's validation error messages are tightly coupled to the default validation engine: errors returned from ajv are eventually run through the schemaErrorFormatter function which is responsible for building human-friendly error messages. However, the schemaErrorFormatter function is written with ajv in mind. As a result, you may run into odd or incomplete error messages when using other validation libraries.

To circumvent this issue, you have 2 main options :

make sure your validation function (returned by your custom schemaCompiler) returns errors in the same structure and format as ajv (although this could prove to be difficult and tricky due to differences between validation engines)
or use a custom errorHandler to intercept and format your 'custom' validation errors

To help you in writing a custom errorHandler, Fastify adds 2 properties to all validation errors:

validation: the content of the error property of the object returned by the validation function (returned by your custom schemaCompiler)
validationContext: the 'context' (body, params, query, headers) where the validation error occurred

A very contrived example of such a custom errorHandler handling validation errors is shown below:

const errorHandler = (error, request, reply) => {
  const statusCode = error.statusCode
  let response

  const { validation, validationContext } = error

  // check if we have a validation error
  if (validation) {
    response = {
      // validationContext will be 'body' or 'params' or 'headers' or 'query'
      message: `A validation error occurred when validating the ${validationContext}...`,
      // this is the result of your validation library...
      errors: validation
    }
  } else {
    response = {
      message: 'An error occurred...'
    }
  }

  // any additional work here, eg. log error
  // ...

  reply.status(statusCode).send(response)
}

Serialization

Usually, you will send your data to the clients as JSON, and Fastify has a powerful tool to help you, fast-json-stringify, which is used if you have provided an output schema in the route options. We encourage you to use an output schema, as it can drastically increase throughput and help prevent accidental disclosure of sensitive information.

Example:

const schema = {
  response: {
    200: {
      type: 'object',
      properties: {
        value: { type: 'string' },
        otherValue: { type: 'boolean' }
      }
    }
  }
}

fastify.post('/the/url', { schema }, handler)

As you can see, the response schema is based on the status code. If you want to use the same schema for multiple status codes, you can use '2xx' or default, for example:

const schema = {
  response: {
    default: {
      type: 'object',
      properties: {
        error: {
          type: 'boolean',
          default: true
        }
      }
    },
    '2xx': {
      type: 'object',
      properties: {
        value: { type: 'string' },
        otherValue: { type: 'boolean' }
      }
    },
    201: {
      // the contract syntax
      value: { type: 'string' }
    }
  }
}

fastify.post('/the/url', { schema }, handler)

You can even have a specific response schema for different content types. For example:

const schema = {
      response: {
        200: {
          description: 'Response schema that support different content types'
          content: {
            'application/json': {
              schema: {
                name: { type: 'string' },
                image: { type: 'string' },
                address: { type: 'string' }
              }
            },
            'application/vnd.v1+json': {
              schema: {
                type: 'array',
                items: { $ref: 'test' }
              }
            }
          }
        },
        '3xx': {
          content: {
            'application/vnd.v2+json': {
              schema: {
                fullName: { type: 'string' },
                phone: { type: 'string' }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }

fastify.post('/url', { schema }, handler)

Serializer Compiler

The serializerCompiler is a function that returns a function that must return a string from an input object. When you define a response JSON Schema, you can change the default serialization method by providing a function to serialize every route where you do.

fastify.setSerializerCompiler(({ schema, method, url, httpStatus, contentType }) => {
  return data => JSON.stringify(data)
})

fastify.get('/user', {
  handler (req, reply) {
    reply.send({ id: 1, name: 'Foo', image: 'BIG IMAGE' })
  },
  schema: {
    response: {
      '2xx': {
        id: { type: 'number' },
        name: { type: 'string' }
      }
    }
  }
})

If you need a custom serializer in a very specific part of your code, you can set one with reply.serializer(...).

Error Handling

When schema validation fails for a request, Fastify will automatically return a status 400 response including the result from the validator in the payload. As an example, if you have the following schema for your route

const schema = {
  body: {
    type: 'object',
    properties: {
      name: { type: 'string' }
    },
    required: ['name']
  }
}

and fail to satisfy it, the route will immediately return a response with the following payload

{
  "statusCode": 400,
  "error": "Bad Request",
  "message": "body should have required property 'name'"
}

If you want to handle errors inside the route, you can specify the attachValidation option for your route. If there is a validation error, the validationError property of the request will contain the Error object with the raw validation result as shown below

const fastify = Fastify()

fastify.post('/', { schema, attachValidation: true }, function (req, reply) {
  if (req.validationError) {
    // `req.validationError.validation` contains the raw validation error
    reply.code(400).send(req.validationError)
  }
})

`schemaErrorFormatter`

If you want to format errors yourself, you can provide a sync function that must return an error as the schemaErrorFormatter option to Fastify when instantiating. The context function will be the Fastify server instance.

errors is an array of Fastify schema errors FastifySchemaValidationError. dataVar is the currently validated part of the schema. (params | body | querystring | headers).

const fastify = Fastify({
  schemaErrorFormatter: (errors, dataVar) => {
    // ... my formatting logic
    return new Error(myErrorMessage)
  }
})

// or
fastify.setSchemaErrorFormatter(function (errors, dataVar) {
  this.log.error({ err: errors }, 'Validation failed')
  // ... my formatting logic
  return new Error(myErrorMessage)
})

You can also use setErrorHandler to define a custom response for validation errors such as

fastify.setErrorHandler(function (error, request, reply) {
  if (error.validation) {
     reply.status(422).send(new Error('validation failed'))
  }
})

If you want a custom error response in the schema without headaches, and quickly, take a look at ajv-errors. Check out the example usage.

Make sure to install version 1.0.1 of ajv-errors, because later versions of it are not compatible with AJV v6 (the version shipped by Fastify v3).

Below is an example showing how to add custom error messages for each property of a schema by supplying custom AJV options. Inline comments in the schema below describe how to configure it to show a different error message for each case:

const fastify = Fastify({
  ajv: {
    customOptions: {
      jsonPointers: true,
      // Warning: Enabling this option may lead to this security issue https://www.cvedetails.com/cve/CVE-2020-8192/
      allErrors: true
    },
    plugins: [
      require('ajv-errors')
    ]
  }
})

const schema = {
  body: {
    type: 'object',
    properties: {
      name: {
        type: 'string',
        errorMessage: {
          type: 'Bad name'
        }
      },
      age: {
        type: 'number',
        errorMessage: {
          type: 'Bad age', // specify custom message for
          min: 'Too young' // all constraints except required
        }
      }
    },
    required: ['name', 'age'],
    errorMessage: {
      required: {
        name: 'Why no name!', // specify error message for when the
        age: 'Why no age!' // property is missing from input
      }
    }
  }
}

fastify.post('/', { schema, }, (request, reply) => {
  reply.send({
    hello: 'world'
  })
})

If you want to return localized error messages, take a look at ajv-i18n

const localize = require('ajv-i18n')

const fastify = Fastify()

const schema = {
  body: {
    type: 'object',
    properties: {
      name: {
        type: 'string',
      },
      age: {
        type: 'number',
      }
    },
    required: ['name', 'age'],
  }
}

fastify.setErrorHandler(function (error, request, reply) {
  if (error.validation) {
    localize.ru(error.validation)
    reply.status(400).send(error.validation)
    return
  }
  reply.send(error)
})

JSON Schema support

JSON Schema provides utilities to optimize your schemas that, in conjunction with Fastify's shared schema, let you reuse all your schemas easily.

Use Case	Validator	Serializer
`$ref` to `$id`	️️✔️	✔️
`$ref` to `/definitions`	✔️	✔️
`$ref` to shared schema `$id`	✔️	✔️
`$ref` to shared schema `/definitions`	✔️	✔️

Examples

Usage of `$ref` to `$id` in same JSON Schema

const refToId = {
  type: 'object',
  definitions: {
    foo: {
      $id: '#address',
      type: 'object',
      properties: {
        city: { type: 'string' }
      }
    }
  },
  properties: {
    home: { $ref: '#address' },
    work: { $ref: '#address' }
  }
}

Usage of `$ref` to `/definitions` in same JSON Schema

const refToDefinitions = {
  type: 'object',
  definitions: {
    foo: {
      $id: '#address',
      type: 'object',
      properties: {
        city: { type: 'string' }
      }
    }
  },
  properties: {
    home: { $ref: '#/definitions/foo' },
    work: { $ref: '#/definitions/foo' }
  }
}

Usage `$ref` to a shared schema `$id` as external schema

fastify.addSchema({
  $id: 'http://foo/common.json',
  type: 'object',
  definitions: {
    foo: {
      $id: '#address',
      type: 'object',
      properties: {
        city: { type: 'string' }
      }
    }
  }
})

const refToSharedSchemaId = {
  type: 'object',
  properties: {
    home: { $ref: 'http://foo/common.json#address' },
    work: { $ref: 'http://foo/common.json#address' }
  }
}

Usage `$ref` to a shared schema `/definitions` as external schema

fastify.addSchema({
  $id: 'http://foo/shared.json',
  type: 'object',
  definitions: {
    foo: {
      type: 'object',
      properties: {
        city: { type: 'string' }
      }
    }
  }
})

const refToSharedSchemaDefinitions = {
  type: 'object',
  properties: {
    home: { $ref: 'http://foo/shared.json#/definitions/foo' },
    work: { $ref: 'http://foo/shared.json#/definitions/foo' }
  }
}

Resources

JSON Schema
Understanding JSON Schema
fast-json-stringify documentation
Ajv documentation
Ajv i18n
Ajv custom errors
Custom error handling with core methods with error file dumping example

Fastify 中文文档 (v4.28.1)